The Representation of Paralysis
Throughout "The Dead," paralysis is symbolized by the colors yellow and brown, which are characteristic of Joyce's portrayal of stagnation. Additionally, he employs the symbolism of snow and ice to represent a state of motionlessness or paralysis. When something is frozen, it becomes immobile, much like the characters in Dubliners who are trapped in unchanging circumstances.The Perspective: Point of View
"The Dead" is narrated using the third-person limited point of view, wherein the narrator primarily focuses on Gabriel's thoughts and feelings. Although the actions of various characters are described, we are given insight into Gabriel's inner world. James Joyce's writing style is especially relevant when discussing the point of view as he was one of the pioneers of the mimetic style. This style allows the characters' thoughts to be portrayed through their own language rather than being conveyed in objective terms.For instance, the opening sentence of "The Dead" demonstrates the mimetic style: "Lily, the caretaker's daughter, was literally run off her feet." The phrase "literally run off her feet" is a reflection of what Lily might say, rather than the objective observation of an external narrator. Another example is when Gabriel worries about failing in his speech, comparing it to his failure in the previous encounter with Lily. This comparison is more in line with Gabriel's dialogue than an objective description, showcasing his frustration.
Realism in "The Dead"
"The Dead" falls under the realist tradition of literature. As a realist writer, Joyce attempts to present life as it is, without sensationalizing the plot or interpreting events. The story captures the essence of everyday life, where seemingly ordinary occurrences often hold profound meaning. In this vein, Joyce presents the characters' thoughts and actions without overt commentary, allowing readers to interpret the events for themselves. Even at the end, when Gabriel experiences his revelation, the true meaning of this epiphany is left open to the reader's interpretation.The Setting and Epiphany
As with the rest of Dubliners, "The Dead" is set in early twentieth-century Dublin, Ireland. Joyce chose Dublin as the backdrop for his stories to explore "a chapter in the moral history" of his country, viewing it as a center of paralysis. The narrative unfolds in two main locations: Kate, Julia, and Mary Jane's house in Usher Island, a real section of Dublin, and the Gresham Hotel, a fashionable establishment in the city. Critics have deduced that the events take place on January 5th, the eve of Epiphany.In Christian tradition, Epiphany, celebrated on January 6th, honors the manifestation of the baby Jesus to the wise men from the East. James Joyce, however, employs the term "epiphany" as a literary concept. He describes it as a spiritual manifestation that reveals the true essence of an object or character and uses it as the climactic point in many of his stories.
Symbols in "The Dead"
Symbols play a crucial role in "The Dead," representing abstract ideas and deeper meanings. For example, critics have suggested that Mr. Browne symbolizes British rule in Ireland. However, the most debated symbol in the story is the snow, which blankets "all the living and the dead." Interpretations differ; some argue that it signifies Gabriel's newfound ability to transcend his self-absorption, while others view it as a symbol of the paralysis he still struggles to overcome.In conclusion, "The Dead" stands as a masterpiece of modern short fiction, capturing themes of paralysis and spiritual revelation through its rich storytelling, unique perspective, and skillful use of symbolism. James Joyce's contribution to the English language's literary canon is evident in this powerful and emotionally resonant narrative.